See -ed on Wiktionary
{
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{
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"2": "-ede",
"pos": "first person singular past indicative ending",
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"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-de",
"pos": "first and third person singular past indicative ending",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-d",
"t": "-ed"
},
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-t",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "German -t (“-ed”)",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ade",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -ade (“-ed”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-aði",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -aði (“-ed”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ede, -ed. During the Middle English period, this increasingly standard -ed ending largely absorbed the class 1 weak past ending (-de) through morphological leveling. However, many class 1 verbs resisted this leveling to become modern irregular verbs (such as kept and left). This resistance was driven by phonotactics: attaching the consonant suffix directly to the stem often triggered pre-cluster vowel shortening (and consonant devoicing) in Early Middle English, creating a stark vowel alternation between the present and past tense that anchored the irregular form. Conversely, verbs that lacked this stark alternation (such as deem, where the early past tense demde remained insufficiently distinct from the present stem) were highly vulnerable to leveling, adopting the syllabic -ed to ensure the past tense was clearly marked. In modern usage, this morphological leveling has proceeded further in American English than in British English, which frequently preserves the irregular -t variant for such verbs.\nUltimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Dutch -d (“-ed”), German -t (“-ed”), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).",
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},
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],
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"text": "live + -ed → lived",
"type": "example"
},
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38,
40
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"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
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9,
11
]
],
"text": "Jose phoned five minutes ago.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant."
],
"id": "en--ed-en-suffix-en:past_tense",
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[
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[
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],
"senseid": [
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"tags": [
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],
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"code": "da",
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"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-de"
},
{
"code": "da",
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"lang_code": "da",
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"word": "-te"
},
{
"code": "dz",
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"lang_code": "dz",
"roman": "ci",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "ཅི"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "hu",
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"word": "-t"
},
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},
{
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"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-ott"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-ett"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-ött"
},
{
"code": "io",
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"lang_code": "io",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-ta",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-た"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-at",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-았"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"lang_code": "kmr",
"note": "for most transitive verbs",
"roman": "for most intransitive verbs and a few transitive verbs",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-d -î"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
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"lang_code": "kmr",
"note": "for some basic verbs",
"sense": "past tense",
"tags": [
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"transitive"
],
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-et"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-te"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
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"word": "-de"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-dd"
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{
"code": "nb",
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"code": "nb",
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"sense": "past tense",
"word": "-øyt"
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"code": "nn",
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},
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"lang": "Persian",
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"word": "ـده"
},
{
"code": "fa",
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"lang_code": "fa",
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"word": "ـد"
},
{
"code": "fa",
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"lang_code": "fa",
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"word": "ـته"
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{
"code": "fa",
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"lang_code": "ru",
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],
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"lang_code": "ru",
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],
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"lang_code": "ru",
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"lang_code": "ru",
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],
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{
"code": "es",
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"lang_code": "es",
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"word": "-ado"
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{
"code": "sv",
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],
"word": "-в"
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"code": "uk",
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],
"word": "-ли"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"sense": "past tense",
"word": "đã"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "d"
},
{
"ipa": "/d/"
},
{
"enpr": "t"
},
{
"ipa": "/t/"
},
{
"enpr": "ĭd",
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},
{
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]
},
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"tags": [
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
"ipa": "/əd/",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"ipa": "/əd/"
},
{
"ipa": "/d/",
"note": "after vowels"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəd/",
"note": "after vowels"
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{
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},
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"name": "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 28 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Sikkimese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "point + -ed → pointed",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
14
]
],
"text": "He has pointed at the dog.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
21
]
],
"text": "There's the abandoned mineshaft.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
7
],
[
33,
35
]
],
"text": "Refused entry to the club, I walked back home.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants."
],
"id": "en--ed-en-suffix-en:past_participle",
"links": [
[
"past participle",
"past participle#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"-en",
"-en#English"
],
[
"-t",
"-t#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:past participle"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sip",
"lang": "Sikkimese",
"lang_code": "sip",
"roman": "ce",
"sense": "past participle",
"word": "ཅེ"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "d"
},
{
"ipa": "/d/"
},
{
"enpr": "t"
},
{
"ipa": "/t/"
},
{
"enpr": "ĭd",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪd/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ed.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-%26%2345%3Bed.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-%26%2345%3Bed.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"enpr": "ĭd",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪd/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əd",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əd/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əd",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əd/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əd/"
},
{
"ipa": "/d/",
"note": "after vowels"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəd/",
"note": "after vowels"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəd/",
"note": "after other consonants"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ed.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ed.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ed.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ed.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ed.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_number": "3",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ed",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-od",
"4": "",
"pos": "adjective suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -od (adjective suffix)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōdaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂tos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ātus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ātus",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "doublet"
},
"expansion": "doublet",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-atъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-atъ",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with Latin -ātus (whence also a doublet -ate), Proto-Slavic *-atъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-d",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-'d",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-èd",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ing"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "-less"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "26 26 27 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 27 27 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 28 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 22 26 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 28 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 27 26 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 28 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "point + -ed → pointed",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "horn + -ed → horned",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "hoof + -ed → hooved",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "chagrin + -ed → chagrined",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun."
],
"id": "en--ed-en-suffix-en:having",
"links": [
[
"possessional adjective",
"possessional adjective#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:having"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-et"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "ge- -d"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-kas"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-os"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-ös"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "ber-"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "kimi",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "気味"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"lang_code": "kmr",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-dar"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"lang_code": "kmr",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "bi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "ber-"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "-dâr",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "ـدار"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 16",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-ad"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-et"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"note": "ge- + -d",
"raw_tags": [
"as a past participle"
],
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"tags": [
"also"
]
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-nen"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-ú"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-ű"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-jú"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-jű"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "ber-"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "kimi",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "気味"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "ber-"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-y"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ny"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 18",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-ad"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "26 26 27 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 27 27 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 28 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 22 26 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 28 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 27 26 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 28 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "red + hair + -ed → red-haired",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "left + hand + -ed → left-handed",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "two + prong(s) + -ed → two-pronged",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs."
],
"id": "en--ed-en-suffix-en:having_compound",
"senseid": [
"en:having-compound"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "d"
},
{
"ipa": "/d/"
},
{
"enpr": "t"
},
{
"ipa": "/t/"
},
{
"enpr": "ĭd",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪd/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"enpr": "ĭd",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪd/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əd",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əd/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əd",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əd/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əd/"
},
{
"ipa": "/d/",
"note": "after vowels"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəd/",
"note": "after vowels"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəd/",
"note": "after other consonants"
},
{
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Cornish -es",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate to Cornish -es.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "plural suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 5 6 5 4 7 2 1 1 2 2 13 4 4 0 0 5 0 1 2 1 3 2 7 2 7 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 5 5 5 4 7 1 1 1 2 2 8 4 4 0 0 4 0 7 6 7 3 1 7 2 7 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "kazhez (“female cat”) + -ed → kazhezed (“female cats”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns"
],
"id": "en--ed-br-suffix-0tGWugFw",
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[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
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}
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"text": "downloaden + -ed → gedownloaded",
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"-t",
"-t#German"
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{
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"categories": [
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"_dis": "18 15 35 33",
"kind": "other",
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}
],
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{
"text": "kert (“garden”) + -ed → kerted (“your (singular, informal) garden”)",
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},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
23
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
37,
48
]
],
"english": "Will you entrust me with the care of your garden?",
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}
],
"glosses": [
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"your"
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],
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],
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"ipa": "[ɛd]"
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{
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},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
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[
8,
17
]
],
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"text": "Mikor fested a kerítést?",
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}
],
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"Forms the definite second-person singular indicative present of verbs."
],
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[
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{
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},
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}
],
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],
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],
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],
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],
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[
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[
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],
"examples": [
{
"text": "szenved (“to suffer”)"
}
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"verb"
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],
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],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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"ipa": "[ɛd]"
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{
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"args": {
"1": "io",
"2": "la",
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},
"expansion": "Latin -atus",
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],
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},
"expansion": "-ed",
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],
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],
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[
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"contents"
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[
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"of"
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[
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],
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{
"descendants": [
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{
"descendants": [
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"lang": "Scots",
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},
{
"lang": "Scots",
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],
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],
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"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōdaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-od\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ed\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"past participle\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-ed\" id=\"Middle_English:_past_participle\">",
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{
"args": {
"1": "",
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{
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"5": "",
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"pos": "weak class 2 past participle",
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"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
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{
"args": {
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"2": "ine-pro",
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}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōd, from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from the weak class 2 suffix *-ōną + the bare past particple suffix *-daz (from Proto-Indo-European *-tós).\nThis form also continues the Old English weak class 1 past participle suffix -ed, but after the Early Middle English period, it is replaced by -d, -t by analogy with the finite past.",
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{
"form": "-ede",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-et",
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"alternative"
]
},
{
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],
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],
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[
"weak verbs",
"weak verb#Noun"
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"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly Early Middle English) Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -de"
],
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]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əd/"
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],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
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],
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{
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{
"word": "-ede"
}
],
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],
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"links": [
[
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"-ede#Middle_English:_past"
]
],
"tags": [
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"morpheme"
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}
],
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}
{
"etymology_number": "3",
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],
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{
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{
"word": "-hede"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -hede"
],
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[
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"-hede#Middle_English"
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}
],
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{
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"args": {},
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],
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"categories": [
{
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],
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{
"text": "fremman (“to perform”) + -ed → fremed (“performed”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs"
],
"id": "en--ed-ang-suffix-ThqAcX-u",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ed/"
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_number": "2",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-od"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "æppel (“apple”) + -ed → æppled (“apple-shaped”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -od"
],
"id": "en--ed-ang-suffix-MJ8zvUmg",
"links": [
[
"-od",
"-od#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ed/"
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"slender form of -ad"
],
"id": "en--ed-sga-suffix-SIpUBLfr",
"links": [
[
"-ad",
"-ad#Old_Irish"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/eð/"
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ēte",
"pos": "second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "“Eat!”",
"text": "comer (“to eat”) + -ed → ¡Comed!",
"translation": "“Eat!”",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form the informal second-person plural imperative mood of -er verbs"
],
"id": "en--ed-es-suffix-tp5mQr-l",
"links": [
[
"-er",
"-er#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "c",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"g4": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-ed c",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "c"
},
"expansion": "-ed c",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "8 5 5 5 4 7 1 1 1 2 2 8 4 4 0 0 4 0 7 6 7 3 1 7 2 7 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"path between or along water"
],
"id": "en--ed-sv-suffix-zK3ge60k",
"links": [
[
"path",
"path"
],
[
"between",
"between"
],
[
"along",
"along"
],
[
"water",
"water"
]
],
"qualifier": "place-names",
"raw_glosses": [
"(place-names) path between or along water"
],
"related": [
{
"english": "isthmus",
"translation": "isthmus",
"word": "ed"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-eda"
}
],
"tags": [
"common-gender",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-bry-pro",
"3": "*-hed"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Brythonic *-hed",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*-isetos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *-isetos",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 8 28 5 31 5 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "gwan (“weak”) + -ed → gwanned (“as weak”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "rhad (“cheap”) + -ed → rhated (“as cheap”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "cynt (“faster, earlier, sooner”) + -ed → cynted (“as fast, as early, as soon”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables."
],
"id": "en--ed-cy-suffix-hKeWe8XI",
"links": [
[
"equative",
"equative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ad/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Cornish -es",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Reduced form of -fed. Cognate with Cornish -es.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pump (“five”) + -ed → pumed (“fifth”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "chwech (“six”) + -ed → chweched (“sixth”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six."
],
"id": "en--ed-cy-suffix-HV9Fmtvf",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-edd"
},
{
"word": "-fed"
},
{
"word": "-ydd"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ad/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_number": "3",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-tis"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tis",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-tus"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis or Proto-Indo-European *-tus.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 5 5 5 4 7 1 1 1 2 2 8 4 4 0 0 4 0 7 6 7 3 1 7 2 7 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 5 5 5 4 9 1 0 0 2 2 6 4 4 0 0 5 0 5 4 5 4 2 8 1 8 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 8 28 5 31 5 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "cerdd- (“to walk”, stem) + -ed → cerdded (“to walk”, verbal noun)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "clyw- (“to hear”, stem) + -ed → clywed (“to hear”, verbal noun)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form verbal nouns."
],
"id": "en--ed-cy-suffix-rf8JUSnU",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ad/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_number": "4",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Cornish -es",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate with Cornish -es.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "colli (“to lose”) + -ed → colled (“loss”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "sych (“dry”) + -ed → syched (“thirst”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "cymuno (“to take communion, to communicate”) + -ed → cymuned (“community”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns."
],
"id": "en--ed-cy-suffix-KEPpkW6~",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ad/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_number": "5",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 5 5 5 4 7 1 1 1 2 2 8 4 4 0 0 4 0 7 6 7 3 1 7 2 7 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 11 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 5 5 5 4 9 1 0 0 2 2 6 4 4 0 0 5 0 5 4 5 4 2 8 1 8 0 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 8 28 5 31 5 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pryf (“bug, insect”) + -ed → pryfed (“bugs, insects”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "merch (“girl”) + -ed → merched (“girls”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form plural nouns."
],
"id": "en--ed-cy-suffix-oEMsOn~n",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-aid"
},
{
"word": "-aint"
},
{
"word": "-au"
},
{
"word": "-edd"
},
{
"word": "-en"
},
{
"word": "-i"
},
{
"word": "-iadau"
},
{
"word": "-iaid"
},
{
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-od"
},
{
"word": "-oedd"
},
{
"word": "-on"
},
{
"word": "-ydd"
},
{
"word": "-yr"
},
{
"word": "-ys"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ad/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ai̯d/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"South-Wales"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_number": "6",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en--ed-cy-suffix-ICnFPEem",
"links": [
[
"third-person",
"third person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative"
],
"tags": [
"literary",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/"
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"etymology_number": "7",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en--ed-cy-suffix-ICnFPEem1",
"links": [
[
"third-person",
"third person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-pwyd"
},
{
"word": "-wyd"
}
],
"tags": [
"literary",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/"
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Cornish -es",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate to Cornish -es.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "plural suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"Breton lemmas",
"Breton plural suffixes",
"Breton suffixes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "kazhez (“female cat”) + -ed → kazhezed (“female cats”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjective-forming suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Dzongkha translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Nǀuu translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations"
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-ede<id:past>",
"id": "verb-past-tense"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ode\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ede\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ed\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"verb-past-tense\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-ed\" id=\"English:_verb-past-tense\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ede",
"id": "past"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ede",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōd-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-ede",
"pos": "first person singular past indicative ending",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-de",
"pos": "first and third person singular past indicative ending",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-d",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -d (“-ed”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-t",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "German -t (“-ed”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ade",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -ade (“-ed”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-aði",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -aði (“-ed”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ede, -ed. During the Middle English period, this increasingly standard -ed ending largely absorbed the class 1 weak past ending (-de) through morphological leveling. However, many class 1 verbs resisted this leveling to become modern irregular verbs (such as kept and left). This resistance was driven by phonotactics: attaching the consonant suffix directly to the stem often triggered pre-cluster vowel shortening (and consonant devoicing) in Early Middle English, creating a stark vowel alternation between the present and past tense that anchored the irregular form. Conversely, verbs that lacked this stark alternation (such as deem, where the early past tense demde remained insufficiently distinct from the present stem) were highly vulnerable to leveling, adopting the syllabic -ed to ensure the past tense was clearly marked. In modern usage, this morphological leveling has proceeded further in American English than in British English, which frequently preserves the irregular -t variant for such verbs.\nUltimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Dutch -d (“-ed”), German -t (“-ed”), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).",
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],
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{
"antonyms": [
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"text": "point + -ed → pointed",
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{
"text": "horn + -ed → horned",
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{
"text": "hoof + -ed → hooved",
"type": "example"
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{
"text": "chagrin + -ed → chagrined",
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{
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{
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{
"enpr": "t"
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{
"ipa": "/t/"
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{
"enpr": "ĭd",
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"word": "-kas"
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{
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{
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"word": "-ös"
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"code": "id",
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"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "ber-"
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{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "kimi",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "気味"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"lang_code": "kmr",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "-dar"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"lang_code": "kmr",
"sense": "having an object",
"word": "bi-"
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{
"code": "ms",
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"sense": "having an object",
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{
"code": "fa",
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"word": "ـدار"
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"word": "-ig"
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{
"code": "sv",
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"lang_code": "sv",
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{
"code": "da",
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"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-et"
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{
"code": "da",
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"lang_code": "da",
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"word": "-ig"
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"lang_code": "fi",
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"word": "-nen"
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"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
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"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-ú"
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{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-ű"
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{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "having an object of a particular quality",
"word": "-jú"
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{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
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"word": "-jű"
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{
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{
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"code": "ms",
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"code": "sv",
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"lang_code": "sv",
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],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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}
{
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"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
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"Pages with entries"
],
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{
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{
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{
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},
{
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}
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}
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},
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
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},
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},
{
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
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"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
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},
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},
{
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{
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{
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-tós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tós",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōd, from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from the weak class 2 suffix *-ōną + the bare past particple suffix *-daz (from Proto-Indo-European *-tós).\nThis form also continues the Old English weak class 1 past participle suffix -ed, but after the Early Middle English period, it is replaced by -d, -t by analogy with the finite past.",
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{
"form": "-ede",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-et",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
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]
},
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]
}
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{
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],
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[
"weak verbs",
"weak verb#Noun"
]
],
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"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
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],
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],
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[
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"weak verb#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
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],
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"morpheme"
]
}
],
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}
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{
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{
"word": "-ede"
}
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],
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[
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"-ede#Middle_English:_past"
]
],
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]
}
],
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}
{
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],
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},
"expansion": "",
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}
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"altform": "1"
},
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],
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"lang_code": "enm",
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{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-hede"
}
],
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],
"links": [
[
"-hede",
"-hede#Middle_English"
]
],
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]
}
],
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}
{
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{
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},
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{
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],
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{
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{
"text": "fremman (“to perform”) + -ed → fremed (“performed”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs"
],
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"morpheme"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ed/"
}
],
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}
{
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{
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],
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{
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{
"word": "-od"
}
],
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{
"text": "æppel (“apple”) + -ed → æppled (“apple-shaped”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
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],
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[
"-od",
"-od#Old_English"
]
],
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]
}
],
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}
],
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}
{
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],
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{
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},
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],
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"Pages with entries"
],
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],
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[
"-ad",
"-ad#Old_Irish"
]
],
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"morpheme"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/eð/"
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],
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}
{
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},
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"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs).",
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"Spanish terms inherited from Latin"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "“Eat!”",
"text": "comer (“to eat”) + -ed → ¡Comed!",
"translation": "“Eat!”",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
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[
"-er",
"-er#Spanish"
]
],
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]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
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],
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"5": "",
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},
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"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
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],
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],
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[
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"path"
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[
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"between"
],
[
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],
[
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"water"
]
],
"qualifier": "place-names",
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],
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{
"word": "-eda"
}
],
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"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
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"Welsh terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic",
"Welsh terms inherited from Proto-Celtic"
],
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{
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},
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},
{
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"type": "example"
},
{
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}
],
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],
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[
"equative",
"equative#English"
]
],
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]
}
],
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]
}
],
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{
"args": {
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{
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"text": "pump (“five”) + -ed → pumed (“fifth”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "chwech (“six”) + -ed → chweched (“sixth”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
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],
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},
{
"word": "-fed"
},
{
"word": "-ydd"
}
],
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]
}
],
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],
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{
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},
{
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}
],
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],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
"North-Wales",
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},
{
"ipa": "/ad/",
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},
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],
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{
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"text": "colli (“to lose”) + -ed → colled (“loss”)",
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},
{
"text": "sych (“dry”) + -ed → syched (“thirst”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "cymuno (“to take communion, to communicate”) + -ed → cymuned (“community”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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"tags": [
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},
{
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"colloquial"
]
},
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"ipa": "/ɛd/",
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"South-Wales"
]
}
],
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}
{
"categories": [
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"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries",
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"Welsh suffixes"
],
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},
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}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
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{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pryf (“bug, insect”) + -ed → pryfed (“bugs, insects”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
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"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form plural nouns."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-aid"
},
{
"word": "-aint"
},
{
"word": "-au"
},
{
"word": "-edd"
},
{
"word": "-en"
},
{
"word": "-i"
},
{
"word": "-iadau"
},
{
"word": "-iaid"
},
{
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-od"
},
{
"word": "-oedd"
},
{
"word": "-on"
},
{
"word": "-ydd"
},
{
"word": "-yr"
},
{
"word": "-ys"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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"ipa": "/ɛd/",
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"North-Wales",
"colloquial",
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]
},
{
"ipa": "/ad/",
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"North-Wales",
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]
},
{
"ipa": "/ai̯d/",
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"North-Wales",
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/",
"tags": [
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]
}
],
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}
{
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],
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{
"args": {
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"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Welsh literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"third-person",
"third person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative"
],
"tags": [
"literary",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/"
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 11 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": "7",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ed",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Welsh literary terms"
],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"third-person",
"third person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-pwyd"
},
{
"word": "-wyd"
}
],
"tags": [
"literary",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛd/"
}
],
"word": "-ed"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ed meaning in All languages combined (54.5kB)
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "-ed/English/suffix: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"lang_code\": \"nl\", \"note\": \"ge- + -d\", \"raw_tags\": [\"as a past participle\"], \"sense\": \"having an object of a particular quality\", \"tags\": [\"also\"]}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ed",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (ade7ec3 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.